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| ENGLISH ROBIN pixdaus.com |
| August 11, 1806
" just oppostie to the birnt hills there happened to be a herd of Elk on a thick willow bar... I determined to land and kill some of them accordingly we put too and I went out with Cruzatte only. we fired on the Elk I killed one and wounded another, we reloaded our guns and took differnet routs through the thick willows in pursuit of the Elk; I was in the act of firing on the Elk a second time when a ball struck my left thye about an inch below my hip joint... the stroke was severe: I instantly supposed that Cruzatte had shot me in mistake for an Elk as I was dressed in brown leather and he cannot see very well; under this impression I called out to him damn you, you shot me, and looks towards the place from whence the ball had come... I do not believe that the fellow did it intentionally but after finding that he had shot me was anxious to conceal his knowledge of having done so." August 12, 1806 "Being anxious to overtake Capt. Clark.. we set out early and proceeded with all possible expedition.... at 1 PM I overtook Capt. Clark and party and had the pleasure of finding them all well. as wrighting in my present situation is extreemly painfull to me I shall disist untill I recover and leave to my friend Capt. C. the continuation of our journal." |
| Reuniting on August 12, at Reunion Bay near New Town, North Dakota, days later Lewis and Clark bid farewell to Sacagawea, paid Toussaint Charbonneau for his services and turned their canoes south, arriving in St. Louis 37 days later. |
| August 12, 1806
"Capt Lewis in Sight with the party... I was alarmed on the landing of the Canoes to be informed that Capt. Lewis was wounded by an accident - I found he lying in the Perogue, he informed me that his wound was slight and would be well in 20 or 30 days... I examined the wound and found it a very bad flesh wound the ball had passed through the fleshy part of his left thy ." August 19, 1806 Camped about ten miles below the previous camp still in Burleigh County, North Dakota "Capt. Lewis'es wounds are heeling very fast, I am much in hope of his being able to walk in 8 or 10 days." August 22, 1806 - Encamped near Mobridge, South Dakota "derected the men to prepare to Set out. Some Chyennes from two Lodges on the Main SE Shore Came and Smoked with me ... we set out haveing parted with those people who appeared to be Sorry to part with us... I am happy to have it in my power to Say that my worthy friend Capt Lewis is recovering fast, he walked a little to day for the first time" August 23, 1806 "the musqueters large and very troublesome... My Frend Capt Lewis is revoerig fast the hole in the thy where the Ball passed out is closed and appears nearly well... we Came only 40 miles to daye. " Traveling through present day South Dakota August 26, 1806 "at 8 passed the place the Tetons were encamped at the time they attempted to Stop us in Septr. 1804 ... I observed a buffalow Skin Canoe lying on the S Shore and a Short distance lower a raft which induces me to suspect that the Tetons are not on the Missouri." August 27, 1806 "we halted in the big bend and killed a fat buck elk near the river, which was very tiemly as our meat was entirely exhosted... My friend Capt Lewis hurt himself very much by takeing a longer walk on the Sand bar in my absence at the buffalow than he had Strength to undergo, which caused him to remain very unwell all night ...come 45 miles only to day.." August 28, 1806 "Capt Lewis had a bad nights rest and is not very well this morning. we set out early and proceeded on ... encamped on the 16 & 17 of September 1804, (Oacoma/ Chamberlain, South Dakota) went to some plumb bushes in the bottom and geathered more plumbs than the party could eate in 2 days ." August 30, 1806 "Capt. Lewis is mending Slowly... I saw several men on horseback which with the help of a Spie glass found to be Indians on the high hills... we landed... imedeatiily after landing about 20 indians was discovered ... 80 or 90 Indian men all armed with fuses & Bows & arrow Came out of a wood on the oppostie bank... we were at a loss to deturmin of what nation those indians were... I detrumined to find out who they were; they informed me that they were Tetons and their Chief was Tar-tack-kah-sab-bar of the black buffalow ." August 31, 1806 "all wet and disagreeable this morning... last night the wind shifted and it began to rain with hard claps of thunder and lightning, wind shifted and blew with great violence... come 70 miles." September 9, 1806 - (Camped northeast of Peru, Nebraska, in either Nemaha County, Nebraska, or Atchison County, Missouri) "our party appears extreamly anxious to get on, and every day appears produce new anxieties in them to get to their Country and friends. My worthy friend Cap Lewis has entirely recovered his wounds are heeled up and he can walk and even run nearly as well as he ever could." |
 | You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake. (1880 - 1973) |
| Jeanette Rankin was born in Missoula, Montana, on June 11, 1880. After graduating from Montana University in 1902 Rankin worked as a schoolteacher before entering the New York School of Philanthropy in 1908. This was followed by periods as a social worker in Montana and Washington.
Unable to settle to social work, Rankin enrolled in the University of Washington. While a student in Washington she became involved in the struggle for women's suffrage and eventually became legislative secretary of the National American Women's Suffrage Association. A member of the Republican Party, in 1916 Rankin decided to run for Congress. Rankin, who campaigned for universal suffrage, prohibition, child welfare reform, an end to child labor and staying out of the First World War, became the first woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. One of her first actions was to introduce a bill that would have allowed women citizenship independent of their husbands. A pacifist, Rankin was one of the 49 members of Congress to vote against war with Germany. Fellow suffragists such as Carrie Chapman Catt urged Rankin to change her mind, fearing that she would damage the cause by reflecting the view that women were sentimental and irresponsible. Rankin's controversial views on the First World War, trade union rights, equal pay and birth-control, lost her the Republican Senate nomination in 1918. She therefore stood as an independent but without the support of a party machine, was easily defeated. After the war Rankin successfully campaigned for independent citizenship (1922), the Maternity and Infancy Protection Act (1921), Independent Citizenship (1922) and Child Labor Amendment (1924). Rankin was also active in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and the National Council for the Prevention of War. In 1940 Rankin was elected to the House of Representatives on an anti-war program. Rankin maintained this position and in December, 1941, was the only member of Congress to vote against the declaration of war on Japan. Rankin was convinced that Franklin D. Roosevelt had deliberately provoked the Japanese attack. Once again her pacifist views made her extremely unpopular with the electorate and she decided not to stand for re-election. In the 1960s Rankin established a self-sufficient women's co-operative in Georgia. Rankin was also active in the campaign against the Vietnam War and on 15th May, 1968, at the age of 87, led a women's demonstration against the war in Washington. Jeannette Rankin died at Carmel, California, on 18th May, 1973. |
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| JULY 1861--Claiborne Jackson, the pro-Southern Governor of Missouri, wanted the state to secede and join the Confederacy. Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon set out to put down Jackson's Missouri State Guard, commanded by Sterling Price.
Reaching Jefferson City, the state capital, Lyon discovered that Jackson and Price had retreated toward Boonville. Lyon reembarked on steamboats, transported his men to below Boonville, marched to the town, and engaged the enemy. In a short fight, Lyon dispersed the Confederates, commanded on the field by Colonel John S. Marmaduke, and occupied Boonville. This early victory established Union control of the Missouri River and helped douse attempts to place Missouri in the Confederacy. |
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| The Battle of Hoke's Run, also known as the Battle of Falling Waters or Hainesville, took place on July 2, 1861, in Berkeley County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Manassas Campaign of the American Civil War.
On July 2, Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson's division crossed the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland and marched on the main road to Martinsburg. Near Hoke's Run, the Union brigades of Cols. John J. Abercrombie and George H. Thomas encountered regiments of Col. Thomas J. Jackson's Confederate brigade, driving them back slowly. Jackson's orders were to delay the Federal advance only, which he did, withdrawing before Patterson's larger force. On July 3, Patterson occupied Martinsburg, but made no further aggressive moves until July 15, when he marched to Bunker Hill. Instead of moving on Winchester, however, Patterson turned east to Charles Town and then withdrew to Harpers Ferry. Patterson's retrograde movement took pressure off Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley and allowed Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army of the Shenandoah to march to support Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard at Manassas Junction. Patterson's inactivity contributed to the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21. |
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| It was the first battle for Col. Thomas J. Jackson, who would go on to become Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson and a popular figure in the war. It was the first time cavalry forces fought in the conflict and it marked the first time cannons were used in the Shenandoah Valley. During the battle, it is estimated that 20,000 Union troops and 3,500 to 6,000 Confederate troops faced off. The battle started as a result of the Union trying to keep a group of Confederate forces confined to the Shenandoah Valley. The Battle of Hoke's Run, also known as the Battle of Falling Waters or Hainesville, took place as part of the Manassas Campaign. |
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| The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is one of five species of grosbeaks that occur in North America. The Rose-breasted, Black-headed and Blue Grosbeaks, members of the family Emberizidae (buntings, sparrows), are Neotropical migrants that nest in the USA but withdraw to Mexico and Central America in the winter months.
The Pine and Evening Grosbeaks, members of the family Fringillidae (finches, crossbills) are resident in North America. All have a characteristic massive bill. |
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| Description: 8" (20 cm). Starling-sized. Heavy pinkish-white bill. Female has heavy brown streaking; prominent white eyebrow; yellow wing linings. Male black and white with conspicuous rose-red patch on breast and underwings. | |
| This bird lives in woodlands adjacent to open fields with tall shrubs; also old and overgrown orchards. Four or five purple-spotted whitish eggs are laid in a loosely made nest of twigs, grass, and plant fibers set in a low branch of a tree. The nest is so thinly constructed that eggs often can be seen from below through the nest. The male participates in incubation of the eggs, accounting for about 1/3 of the time during the day (the female incubates over night). Both sexes sing quietly to each other when they exchange places. The male will sing his normal song while near or actually on the nest. |
| This breed ranges from northeastern British Columbia, southern Manitoba, and Nova Scotia south to southern Alberta, central North Dakota, central Oklahoma, and New Jersey, and in mountains as far south as northern Georgia. It appears regularly on the west coast. It winters from central Mexico through Central America and into northern South America. |
| Its distinctive call note is a sharp, penetrating, metallic eek-eek. The song is like that of an American Robin, but softer and more melodious. |
| This handsome grosbeak is one of the most conspicuous birds before the foliage comes into full leaf in early May. It is beneficial to farmers, consuming many potato beetles and larvae as well as weed seeds, wild fruits, and buds. |
| The Rose-breasted Grosbeak hybridizes with the Black-headed Grosbeak where their ranges overlap in the Great Plains. Hybrids can look like either parent species, or be intermediate in pattern, with various combinations of pink, orange, and black. Hybridization occurs most often where the densities of both species are low, and only rarely when densities are high. |
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| MALE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD Agelaius phoeniceus |
| This widespread species is one of the best known birds in North America. Returning early in the spring to many areas, the males set up breeding territories in freshwater marshes, moist thickets, and wet fields. |
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| FEMALE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD |
| Their black plumage, red shoulders, and distinctive conk-ka-ree song are familiar throughout much of the continent. The streaked females and immatures are more cryptically colored. During the nonbreeding season, Red-winged Blackbirds formlarge flocks--sometimes immense ones--often mixed with other blackbird species. They forage in open country, particularly in agricultural areas. |
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| RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD NEST AND EGGS |
| Nest material securely interwoven with upright stalks of supporting vegetation in swamp. |
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| FLEDGLING RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD |
| During the nonbreeding season, Red-winged Blackbirds formlarge flocks--sometimes immense ones--often mixed with other blackbird species. They forage in open country, particularly in agricultural areas. |
| IDAHO's official flag was adopted in 1907. The flag is deep blue with the state seal in the center surrounded by a yellow band. The seal pictures a man (a miner carrying a pick and wielding a shovel) and a woman (carrying the scales of justice, symbolizing liberty and justice), the motto "ESTO PERPETUA" (meaning "May it endure forever"), two full, yellow cornucopias, an elk head atop a shield (picturing a river, settlers, a fir tree, and mountainous land), a sheaf of grain, green grass, and a blue sky. The flag is surrounded by a yellow fringe on three sides. The state seal was designed by Emma Edwards Green. |
| THE GEM STATE. A mountain state in the northwestern U.S., IDAHO is bordered by Montana and Wyoming (E), Utah and Nevada (S), Oregon and Washington (W), and the Canadian province of British Columbia (N). |
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| Sea of Spuds with Grand Teton Mountains in Background |
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| Those scenic mountains (the Tetons) collect snow all winter, which melts and flows crystal clear into large surface and underground reservoirs. That snow water is used to irrigate potatoes with irrigation systems that apply the right amount of water when it's needed. Tetonia, IDAHO |
| What Makes IDAHO Potatoes Different?
IDAHO's unique environment provides nearly perfect growing conditions for potatoes. The soil, water, clean air and climate in IDAHO contribute to those consistently high-quality potatoes that have made IDAHO famous for so many years. IDAHO's rich volcanic soil is ideally suited for potatoes. Warm, sunny days, cool nights and water from melting snow in nearby mountains make the perfect combination for growing the world's best potatoes. |  |
| If you asked most people where the Appaloosa Horse originated they would probably say with the American Indians. But the ancestors of these distinctive horses have been recorded in history long before they appeared as Indian ponies, in fact it is claimed spotted horses are the world's oldest identifiable breed. |
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| On March 25, 1975 IDAHO Governor Cecil Andrus signed a bill naming the Appaloosa as the state horse. This is a deserving honor for a horse that has been an integral part of IDAHO history. |
| Prehistoric cave paintings and petroglyphs dating back over 20,000 years discovered by archaeologists working in the French regions of Lascaux and Peche-Merle feature spotted horses, while Scythian artifacts dating back to 1000 BC show sword scabbards engraved with rows of spotted war horses. Spotted horses also appeared in Egyptian pictures and Greek vases around this time. The rich and fascinating history of the Appaloosa breed is as unique as its colorful spotted coat patterns. |
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| The Spanish introduced horses to Mexico in the 1500s. Following the Pueblo Revolt, horses rapidly spread throughout North America, reaching the Northwest around 1700. The Nez Perce tribe became excellent horsemen and breeders, creating large herds renowned for their strength, intelligence and beauty. |
| Prior to the introduction of the horse, the Nez Perce were sedentary fishers. Horses gave the tribes greater mobility and power, altering their culture forever. Soon, the Nez Perce were famous throughout the Northwest for their hunting skills and craftsmanship. These skills allowed the Nez Perce to trade for necessary goods and services. With their superior horses they had little difficulty killing what buffalo they needed. Soon they began to use the Plains-type tipi in place of their old community houses. Heavy stone mortars and similar burdensome possessions were either discarded entirely or left at the fishing spots for occasional use. |
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| Blue Roan Thoroughbred Appaloosa Cross |
| Famous explorer Meriwether Lewis was appropriately impressed with the breeding accomplishments of the Nez Perce, as noted in his diary entry from February 15, 1806. |
| "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly [sic] formed, active and durable. . . some of these horses are pided with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with black, brown, bey [sic] or some other dark color." |
 | It is unknown how many of the Nez Perce's horses were spotted, but a possible estimate is ten percent. Settlers coming into the area began to refer to these spotted horses as "A Palouse Horse," as a reference to the Palouse River, which runs through Northern IDAHO. Over time, the name evolved into "Palousey," "Appalousey," and finally "Appaloosa." |
| In the mid-1800s, settlers flooded onto the Nez Perce reservation, and conflicts soon ensued. The Nez Perce War of 1877 resulted in their herds being dispersed. |
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| In the late 1800s and early 1900s, interest in the breed gradually began to grow as Appaloosas began appearing in Western roundups and rodeos. The Appaloosa's flashy coat patterns caught the eye of the public, and in 1937 an article in Western Horseman entitled "The Appaloosa, or Palouse Horse" revealed a widespread interest in the breed.
Today, the beautiful spotted horse is one of the most beloved of American horse breeds and can be found throughout the world, excelling in disciplines including western pleasure, games, working cow horse and dressage. Appaloosas are prized for their easy-going dispositions and their reliability as family horses. |
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| Female Mountain Bluebird | Male Mountain Bluebird |
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| Philadelphus lewisii This beautiful plant, first discovered and collected by Captain Meriwether Lewis in 1806, has been appropriately selected as the state flower of IDAHO. The name Philadelphus pays honor to an Egyptian king, and the species name lewisii honors the scientist-explorer. Syringa (also known as Mock-orange, Lewis Syringa, and Indian Arrowwood) is used extensively in landscape plantings. Since Syringa is not normally a preferred deer food, the big-game manager uses the degree of deer utilization on this plant as a rough index to the condition of range browse. Where Syringa has been heavily browsed, the range man knows that the winter deer population is probably high. In parts of Washington and localized areas in Montana, however, both deer and elk show a decided preference for it. The straight stems of the plant were used by Indians in making arrows. |
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| BADGER pixdaus.com |
| DISCLAIMER: Material used in Bitts and Bytes is gathered from various sources--mainly the World Wide Web.
Authorship cannot always be credited nor the source defined. Authenticity of material is assumed to be correct, but is not guaranteed. |  |